Exposure To Particulate Matter < 2.5 Micrometers On The Respiratory System

Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has emerged as a serious global health concern, linked to an increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as lung cancer. Common sources of PM2.5 include vehicle emissions, dust, and industrial activities. These tiny particles can penetrate deep into the respiratory system, causing oxidative stress and triggering inflammatory responses that disrupt the body’s immune balance. As a result, exposure may lead to airway inflammation, reduced lung function, and a higher likelihood of chronic conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), PM2.5 is classified as a carcinogen, with higher concentrations increasing the risk of lung cancer. In Indonesia, air quality regulations for PM2.5 are still relatively lenient compared to WHO standards, highlighting the urgent need for stronger control measures. Effective strategies to reduce PM2.5 require a comprehensive approach, including improved air quality management, emission reduction, and better public transportation systems. Collaboration among government authorities, industries, and communities is essential to lower PM2.5 levels and protect public health